The pandemic changes daily life and ways of living: technosociality and user/families experiences

ABSTRACT Objectives: understand the changes imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic in the daily lives of users of Primary Health Care and their families and its impact on self-care and health promotion. Methods: this is a holistic-qualitative multiple case study, based on the Comprehensive Sociology of Everyday Life, in which 61 users participated. Results: experiencing a new daily life in COVID-19 pandemic times, users express their feelings, adaptation to new habits and ways of living. Health technologies and virtual social networks stand out in helping with everyday tasks, in communicating with loved ones and health professionals, and in validating dubious information. Faith and spirituality arise in the face of uncertainty and suffering. Final Considerations: it is imperative to pay close attention to the changes in daily life caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, in order to offer care directed to the singular and collective needs.


INTRODUCTION
The COVID-19 pandemic (COronaVIrus Disease-19) can be described as a major crisis that has qualified as one of the most important world-class health challenges of recent decades. It is an event that affects not only the biological, but the social and psychological disturbances of varying intensity for society (1) .
Due to the need to control the spread of the new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), the practice of social distancing was adopted. In Brazil, several measures were adopted that had an impact on changes in the daily lives of people and families. A considerable part of workers began to develop their activities at home. There was a reduction in physical activity, leading to an increase in sedentary behavior time. People spent more hours on TV and the internet. Constant too were changes in eating habits (2) .
Public health crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, bring with them great stress, concern and anxiety for society. The sudden change in the daily lives of people and families came loaded with fears and anxieties, against the backdrop of uncertainty and unpredictability. Indeed, this pandemic poses new challenges: the identification of invisible damage; the damage caused to mental health; depression; high levels of stress and anxiety (1) .
It appears that the role of technologies and virtual social networks amidst the pandemic was significant, due to the need for isolation/social distancing. Thus, it is important to take a look at the changes in people's and families' daily lives, given the experiences in COVID-19 pandemic times and use of technosociality, which can be delineated as users' socialization through technologies, particularly those related to communication (3) . Sociologist Maffesoli characterizes everyday life as the way of living of individuals and the collective (4) , constituting the cause and effect of social interactions (5) . Through the context of the pandemic, the internet promotes the sharing of tastes, religious or cultural, albeit virtually. In this sense, we can say that the confinement lived consolidates the postmodern tribes, once this health crisis has been mitigated or resolved, these tribes will surely develop (6) .
Understanding changes in everyday life and ways of living in COVID-19 pandemic times is especially relevant in the face of a situation of incomparable magnitude. Having said this, the question is: what are the feelings and experiences of Family Health Strategy (FHS) users during the COVID-19 pandemic? How does technosociality show itself in FHS users' daily lives in COVID-19 pandemic times? What strategies adopted by FHS users to cope with the situations imposed by the pandemic?

OBJECTIVES
To understand the changes imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic in FHS users' and their families' lives and their impact on self-care and health promotion.

Ethical aspects
This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Midwest Campus. National Health Council Resolution 466, of December 12, 2012, and Resolution 510, of April 7, 2016, which regulate the guidelines and standards to be followed by research involving human beings, were respected (7)(8) .

Theoretical-methodological framework
The holistic multiple case study (9) was used as a methodological framework and Michel Maffesoli's Comprehensive Sociology of Everyday Life (10) as a theoretical framework.
The holistic multiple case study provides an intense analysis of the object of investigation, grouping numerous information rich in detail, aiming to understand the reality to be studied. It is noteworthy that studies with multiple cases rely on the logic of replication, so, after revealing significant findings in the first case, they are replicated in other cases, one of the reasons for being considered more robust and convincing (9) .
In turn, Michel Maffesoli's Comprehensive Sociology of Everyday Life indicates understanding rather than explaining social phenomena, valuing everyday knowledge, proposing an open and sensitive reason in the face of lived experiences and feelings (10)(11) .

Study design
This is a qualitative study. This research met the COnsolidated criteria for REporting Qualitative research (COREQ) recommendations.
The qualitative approach aims to understand the phenomena in everyday life, considering each individual' uniqueness; however, understanding that their experience takes place in the collective context; therefore, the culture of the groups to which they belong reflects and contextualizes their experiences (12) . The qualitative approach in this study becomes opportune, because it is the investigation of individual experiences, emotions and feelings as well as manifest behaviors (13) .

Study setting
This study contains multiple cases, defined by the scenarios of two cities in the Extended Health Region of West Minas Gerais and one city in the Health Region of the Middle Valley of Itajaí, in the state of SC, Brazil. Participants of this research are SUS users registered and followed up by FHS teams and who were aged ≥ 18 years and who could answer for themselves. Some condition that makes it impossible for people to verbalize if they made an exclusion criterion.
Users of 1 st and 2 nd cases were contacted remotely, due to the need to maintain social distancing as a preventive measure for COVID-19. Initially, FHS team professionals and professionals indicated as key informants of a Reference Center for Elder Health in a city of SC were asked to provide users' contacts, sent after users' approach and prior consent. Some contacts were acquired by indication of another participant, but most indications were from professionals. The invitation was made using electronic means, such as by email or WhatsApp, with up to five attempts to communicate/contact with users.
Therefore, for the remote capture of possible participants in the 1 st and 2 nd cases, the snowball methodological technique was 8 of The pandemic changes daily life and ways of living: technosociality and user/families experiences Nascimento LC, Silva TC, Tafner DPOV, Oliveira VJ, Viegas SMF.
used, which comprises a non-probabilistic sampling technique, in which participants' indications are derived from other participants, i.e., the first interviewees indicate others, and so on, until data saturation is reached (14) .
In the 3 rd case, with the flexibility of social distancing measures, the research was conducted in the FHS units, with the selection being made randomly by means of a lottery, totaling six FHS units and a total of eight teams. Participant gathering took place in the units' waiting room, and the interview was held in a private room after presentation of an Informed Consent Form and recorded in audio. It is emphasized that the recommended measures to control the COVID-19 pandemic were respected.

Data source
Intensive open-ended interview and field notes were subdivided into theoretical, interaction, methodological and reflexive notes (15) . The open-ended interview, with a semi-structured script, contained questions aiming at characterizing participants, in addition to 13 open questions aiming to understand the object of study. In turn, the above-mentioned notes were used to detail characteristics of the research setting, relevant facts of data collection and for the operational procedures of the research.

Data collection and organization
Data collection took place between April and October 2021. A total of 61 people participated in this study, 54 female and seven male. A total of 116 users received the invitation to participate, but 55 users refused to participate. The interview lasted approximately 19 minutes. Participants' mean age was 47 years, 27 individuals declare to be married, representing the predominant marital status, 47 participants have their own home. Regarding education, complete high school was predominant, declared by 19 people, the 3 rd case had more impact on this variable. Of the total number of participants, 38 reported having a fixed monthly income, the mean income of these informants being R$1,488.77 (about US$270.68), and the highest income was found in the municipality of 1 st case. The mean daily time of use of social networks and internet technologies was approximately 4.67 hours. To ensure participant anonymity and information confidentiality, the letter "I" (interviewee) was used, sequenced in the numerical order of the interview.

Data analysis
For analysis, the analytical technique of cross-synthesis of cases (9) was followed, adopting thematic content analysis, established by semantic criterion (16) . The unit of analysis was "technosociality and health promotion in FHS users' daily lives in COVID-19 pandemic times". The analysis originated three thematic categories presented in Figure 1. This article covers the category The pandemic changes everyday life and ways of living: technosociality and experiences of users and families. Figure 1 describes the thematic category, the three subcategories and the Record Units with literal replication saturation.

The pandemic changes people's and families' daily lives
The pandemic is presented as transforming the daily lives of people and families, emerging in everyday life feelings of isolation/social distance and absence of being-together. New habits and changes in ways of living are emerging: Users carry out activities to help them relax or escape the pandemic's stressful climate as well as use of social networks for fun and communication with friends and family (FN).
Life before and during the pandemic points out the nuances of a new daily life. when experiencing the challenge of isolation/ social distancing and the changes in interacting with others, family members and health professionals: Caring for oneself and for the other is pointed out as a constant concern. Due to the condition of social distancing, social networks and health technologies emerge as tools to assist in this care:

Virtual social networks in everyday life: information and experiences
The power of WhatsApp for establishing communication, especially between the family and the health team:  most critical phases of the COVID-19 pandemic, activities were being carried out through virtual social networks (FN).

Faith and spirituality for health protection and control of the COVID-19 pandemic
Faith and spirituality emerge in the reports, linked to health protection and control of the COVID-19 pandemic: I have a habit of praying and handing everything over to God, making sure He controls everything. Despite the pandemic, we think that evil does not come on God's side, but God allows evil. So, I learned to rest and trust in God and whatever happens is His will. (I31)

I pray a lot, I ask God a lot for protection for me, my family, my children, my grandchildren, I always talk to them a lot to be careful. (I43)
To tell you the truth, I wasn't afraid to take it, because I always trusted God, I always put him first in my life, I wasn't afraid to tell the truth. I always wore a mask, washed my hands. (I49) Spirituality was present in the speeches of many research participants. It was noted that spiritual resources are used as an aid to overcome moments of fear and anxiety and to bring meaning to suffering (FN).

DISCUSSION
Faced with the COVID-19 pandemic, the daily lives of people and families are changing, and new living standards and habits were necessary to adapt to preventive measures. Social media have played an essential role in providing information; people have increased their use of social media in order to keep in touch with people close to them and seek out more health information (17) .
A survey carried out in Brazil, with 45,161 individuals, aimed to describe changes in lifestyles in the most restrictive period for control of the COVID-19 pandemic. It pointed out that, among smokers, who represented 12% of the population studied, 34% increased their consumption of tobacco during the pandemic and 17.6% reported greater consumption of alcoholic beverages during social restriction. On the other hand, consumption of healthy foods decreased, while consumption of unhealthy foods increased. Physical activity in the pre-pandemic period was 30.1% among adults, however, during the pandemic, the rate became 12.0%. In relation to the mean time of TV use, there was an increase of 1 hour and 45 minutes compared to before the pandemic, totaling 3.31 hours. In turn, computer or tablet use increased by 1 hour and 30 minutes, adding up to more than 5 hours during the pandemic. The findings portray the increase in health risk behaviors (2) .
Another study, with 1,210 participants from 194 Chinese cities, assessed the psychological response of the population during the COVID-19 pandemic. It was observed that, of the total number of respondents, 24.5% reported minimal psychological impact, 21.7% assessed the mild psychological impact and 53.8% reported moderate or severe psychological impact. It was significantly associated with poor or very poor self-rated health status, with a greater psychological impact of the outbreak. Of those surveyed, 93.5% used the internet as a source of health information about COVID-19 and 75.1% were satisfied with the amount of health information available (18) .
As pointed out in a study developed in China, the dissemination of reliable information regarding the pandemic can have a positive impact on individuals' practices, attitudes and knowledge about COVID-19 (19) . Therefore, in a context in which information can impact caring for oneself and for the other, the quality of what is transmitted becomes particularly important.
A study carried out in Wuhan, after the health crisis installed by COVID-19, pointed out that, of the individuals surveyed, 19.2% had moderate to severe symptoms of depression. The pandemic represents a stressful time for the world population, with a significant increase in use of social networks and changes in health-related behavior. Individuals around the world have used social media more to obtain information about the COVID-19 pandemic. Individuals who have higher levels of anxiety tend to use virtual social media excessively. Social media provides users with choices for access and suitable place to visit, which image to create and decide who to interact with as well as momentarily escaping negative feelings (17) .
Although internet and technology use has become more intense with the pandemic, one of the changes perceived in daily life, especially among older adults, was the need to adapt to this use, becoming a means of replacing activities that were previously carried out in person, technologies that were not so present in older adults' daily lives. Although, although technologies are increasingly widespread, their use still occurs mostly by young people, as older adults' involvement is still restricted (20) . The recommended measure of social distancing has made technologies indispensable in people's and families' daily lives, imposing adaptations and changes in everyday life.
Thus, the interaction between people, in the pandemic context, was favored by using social networks and community sites, but it gave rise to a paradox of contamination thanks to the speed of cybernetic culture, which the effects can already be measured. An imaginary in the (re)creation of technological development allowing living together without old myths in a virtual environment (3) .
The results of this study pointed to changes in eating habits and physical activity and increased internet use. These findings corroborate a survey carried out in the United States, which found an increase in the habit of using the internet among adults during the pandemic. It is believed that the increase in screen time is favoring a greater caloric intake and decreasing physical activity, precisely because of the easier access to food at home and the ease of fast food, favoring substantial weight gain (21) . Weight gain may also be associated with increased anxiety and depression, which contribute to emotional hunger and compulsive overeating (22) .
The care of the self and the other appears in the voice of users of this study as precautionary measures against the possibility of contamination. The main precautionary measures taken by 1,210 individuals in a study conducted in China, are emphasized in 66.6% of hand washing after touching possibly contaminated objects, with 56.5% cleaning with soap, 59.8% using a mask frequently, 57.4% covering their mouths when coughing or sneezing, 41% washed their hands after coughing and 41% avoided sharing utensils. About 84.7% of respondents stayed at home for 20 to 24 hours a day in order to avoid COVID-19 (18) .
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In relation to older adults, it is observed that the effects of social distancing and loneliness, as well as the fear of death, loss of family members and hopelessness, become even more expressive factors, given the observation of a gradual trend towards greater family segregation with the pandemic, producing negative feelings and emotions and strengthening the feeling of loneliness. Furthermore, with older adults being the age group most vulnerable to disease severity, an increase in anxiety in the pandemic is expected. It should also be noted that the challenge of older adults complying with social isolation/distancing can be either aggravated or attenuated by psychological factors, among them: "aspects linked to typical developmental changes in cognitive and behavioral terms, in addition to cognitive inflexibility that increases with aging" (22) . In this scenario, technologies allow safe interaction, easing the feeling of loneliness and the complete interruption of social interactions. However, older individuals have limited access to certain internet services and more technological and complex devices, so only a fraction of older adults benefit from such service (22) .
In a context of crisis with the COVID-19 pandemic, spirituality emerges, in the voice of users of this study, as a power to face such a challenging situation. It should be noted that "spirituality is capable of mobilizing energies and positive attitudes that have unlimited potential in promoting people's quality of life" (23) . Spirituality can be configured as a resource for coping with overwhelming circumstances and with a strong emotional impact (24) . Bringing meaning through spirituality helps to tolerate debilitating feelings and emotions, such as stress and anxiety (23) . In addition, in the face of numerous changes in the daily lives of people and families, the pandemic has proved, for some people, as an opportunity for religious deepening (25) . "Perhaps this is what makes the tragic environment experienced in everyday life, rather than slow, aware that there is a resurrection in progress. Resurrection in which it is in being-together, in being-with that the spiritual invisible will occupy a prominent place" (26) .
Due to the changes presented in the daily lives of people and families in the pandemic, established knowledge and published opinion demonstrates that in addition to the superficiality of things, there is something deeper that ensures, (re)affirms living together on solid foundations and legitimizes an understanding of the experience of the moment in its entirety, which is fundamental (3) .
People's and families' daily lives in COVID-19 pandemic times was revealed in feelings and emotions, in faith and spirituality. In everyday life, nothing can be considered banal and unimportant, small attitudes, feelings and notions reveal what has been lived, which can be understood by an attentive and sensitive eye.

Study limitations
Although the intentional sample is a limitation in this study, it can be considered representative in populations with similar situations, due to the methodological design used when replicating the multiple cases.

Contributions to nursing
The study brings contributions to nursing and the health area, by understanding that the pandemic changes the daily lives of users and families accompanied by FHS teams and reference professionals, impacting health through new habits and ways of living, providing health risk behaviors.

FINAL CONSIDERATIONS
COVID-19 imposes changes in people's and families' daily lives, emphasizing technosociality. Technology is present to assist in everyday activities, from the most basic to the most elaborate, from recreation to remote work and health monitoring. Particularly, older adults, experiencing social distancing and fear of the disease, feel alone, expressing anxiety.
It is worth mentioning that, although the technology provides several benefits and the possibility of continuing activities performed previously, its excessive use can be a factor in illness. Excess information, especially untruths and increased work overload, significantly impacted the mental health of participants in this study. Moreover, users pointed out alternatives to escape from the pandemic in order to maintain mental health. Spirituality and faith emerge in the interviews as a support to better live in the face of tragic events due to morbidity and mortality by COVID-19. Impactful changes in daily life were reflected in health risk behaviors, such as inadequate eating habits and a sedentary lifestyle. Technosociality stands out as a possible means of promoting the health of users and families, as opposed to favoring illness, especially related to excessive and inappropriate use. It is imperative to pay close attention to the transformations in everyday life, caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, in order to offer care directed to the singular and collective needs.

FUNDING
Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES -Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior), public notice 001/2020.

CONTRIBUITIONS
Nascimento LC and Viegas SMF contributed to the conception or design of the study/research. Nascimento LC and Viegas SMF contributed to the analysis and/or interpretation of data. Nascimento LC, Silva TC, Tafner DPOV, Oliveira VJ and Viegas SMF contributed to the final review with critical and intellectual participation in the manuscript.
of The pandemic changes daily life and ways of living: technosociality and user/families experiences Nascimento LC, Silva TC, Tafner DPOV, Oliveira VJ, Viegas SMF.